Entrepreneure

Le concept d'entrepreneur n'est pas attaché au genre. Malgré le fait que la majorité des entreprises soient encore majoritairement dirigées par des hommes, il existe une opinion parmi les décideurs politiques et les chercheurs selon laquelle le nombre de femmes entrant dans le monde de l'entrepreneuriat, au cours de ces dernières décennies, a considérablement augmenté. Ainsi, les recherches sur l'esprit d'entreprise des femmes gagnent de plus en plus d'importance.

La vie familiale de l'entrepreneure

La performance d'une entreprise gérée par une femme est étroitement liée à la façon dont celle-ci équilibre son travail et sa vie familiale. Les entreprises détenues par des femmes entrepreneures sont plus enclines à rester petites en raison du fait que les femmes continuent à assumer, encore trop souvent, l'entière responsabilité de l'entretien de leur ménage en plus des soins accordés aux enfants et des adultes à charge (sans parler du mari).

Au niveau de la motivation et de l'intention entrepreneuriale, les résultats des recherches ont identifié plus de similitudes que de différences entre les femmes entrepreneures et leurs homologues masculins. Cependant, les femmes sont confrontées à de plus grands problèmes lors d'acquisition de ressources dans la phase du démarrage de l'entreprise (seed capital) ainsi que dans les autres phases ultérieures (venture capital, equity capital). Bien que la recherche d'un revenu supplémentaire ne soit pas négligeable dans la motivation, ce n'est pas le critère principal de motivation des femmes entrepreneures soit sur le plan individuel ou dans le cadre des revenus du ménage. Chez les femmes entrepreneures (Olson et Currie, 1992), il existe une forte relation entre certaines valeurs personnelles et la stratégie de l'entreprise. Bien avant la recherche du profit comme critère unique de la marque de leur succès, les femmes entrepreneures quantifient souvent leur succès en fonction de leur degré d'accomplissement et d'épanouissement personnel.

Par conséquent, l'activité entrepreneuriale axée sur la nécessité n'est pas le moteur suffisant pour pousser les femmes à démarrer une entreprise. Et, si l'activité entrepreneuriale génère des revenus supplémentaires, cela ne différencie par significativement les femmes entrepreneures des femmes non-entrepreneures. Le fil conducteur le plus important qui conduit les femmes à s'engager dans des efforts entreprenants, indépendamment de la motivation de cette décision, repose davantage sur la confiance en soi de disposer les compétences, les connaissances et l'expérience nécessaires pour démarrer une entreprise (Marian Holienka, Zuzana Jančovičová, Zuzana Kovačičová, 2016).

La plupart du temps, les problèmes des femmes entrepreneures sont attribuables au manque d'expérience en management, à une quantité plus limitée de ressources financières propres, ainsi qu'à des normes sociales particulières, fortes ou latentes, établies depuis de longues années dans la culture sociétale. Parfois, les femmes ne sont pas suffisamment confiantes dans les premières étapes de la création de leur entreprise, comme tout entrepreneur novice. Le manque de confiance et de compétences commerciales des femmes entrepreneures se reflète dans leur manque d’assurance en ce qui concerne le recouvrement des dettes auprès des clients, leur largesse dans l'attribution du crédit, dans leur système de tarification déficient avec une sous-facturation de leurs produits et services comme stratégie d’entrée sur le marché.

Informations complémentaires

Bibliographie sur l'entrepreneure

De 1975 à 1989

• 1975, J. W. Schrier, "Entrepreneurial characteristics of women", In : J. W. Scrier, J. Susbauer, dir., "Entrepreneurship and enterprise development: a worldwide perspective: proceedings of Project ISEED", summer 1975. Milwaukee : Center for Venture Management

• 1981, R. D. Hisrich, M. O'Brien, "The woman entrepreneur from a business and sociological perspective: their problems and needs", In: K. H. Vesper, dir., "Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: proceedings of the annual Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference", Babson Park, Wellesley : Babson College

• 1983, T. Mescon, G. Stevens, G. Vozikis, "Women as Entrepreneurs: An Empirical Evaluation", Wisconsin Small Business Forum, Vol 2, Winter, pp7-17

• 1985, R. Goffee, R. Scase, "Women in charge: the Experience of Female Entrepreneurs", London: Allen and Unwin

• 1986,
  • N. Bowman-Upton, D. Sexton, "Comparative Entrepreneurial Analysis of Female Entrepreneurs, Managers, Entrepreneurship Students and Business Students", In: R. Ronstadt, J. Hornaday, R. Peterson, K. Vesper, dir., "Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research", Wellesley, MA: Babson College Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, pp40-51
  • C. Brush, R. Hisrich, "The Woman Entrepreneur: Starting, Financing and Managing a Successful New Business", Lexington, MA: Lexington Book
  • D. D. Bowen, R. D. Hisrich, "The female entrepreneur: a career development perspective", Academy of Management Review, Vol 11, n°2, pp393-407
  • S. Cromie, J. Hayes, "Towards a typology of female Entrepreneurs”, Sociological Review, 36(1), pp97-113
  • L. Stevenson, "Against All Odds: The Entrepreneurship of Women", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 24, pp30-36

• 1987, L. Neider, "A Preliminary Investigation of Female Entrepreneurs in Florida", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 25, pp22-29

• 1988, J. Corman, B. Perles, P. Vancini, "Motivational factors influencing high-technology Entrepreneurship", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 26, pp36–42

De 1990 à 1999

• 1990, N. Bowman-Upton, D. Sexton, "Female and male entrepreneurs; psychological Characteristics and Their Role in Gender-Related Discrimination", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 5, pp29-36

• 1992,
  • C. Brush, "Research on women business owners: past trends, a new perspective and future directions", Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice”, 16(4), pp5-30
  • H. M. Currie, S. F. Olson, "Female entrepreneurs: Personal value systems and business strategies in a male-dominated industry", Journal of Small Business Management, January, pp49-57

• 1993,
  • S. Allen, C. Truman, dir., "Women in business: perspectives on women"entrepreneurs: London and New York", Routledge
  • E. H. Buttner, "Female Entrepreneurs: How Far Have They Come ?", Business Horizons, Vol 36, n°2, pp59-65
  • Paramjeet Kaur Dhillon, "Women Entrepreneurs. Problems & Prospects", New Delhi: Blaze Publishers

• 1997,
  • K. R. Allen, N. Carter, "Size determinants of women-owned businesses: Choice or barriers to resources?", Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9(3), pp211-220
  • Ted Baker, Howard Aldrich, N. Liou, "Invisible entrepreneurs: the neglect of women business owners by mass media and scholarly journals in the USA", Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 9(3), pp221–238
  • E. H. Buttner, D. P. Moore, "Women's organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 35, pp34–46
  • M. Bruno, "Women and the culture of entrepreneurship”, In: M. Buckley, dir., "Post-Soviet Women: from the Baltic to Central Asia", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp56–74

• 1998, S. Nina Dhar, Ratna Ghosh, Meenakshi Gupta, "Women and Entrepreneurship in India", In: Rabindra N. Kanungo, dir., "Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Models for Development", New Delhi: Sage, pp156-175

De 2000 à 2009

• 2000,
  • A. L. Anna, G. N. Chandler, E. Jansen, N. P. Mero, "Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol 15, n°3, pp279-303
  • B. Duchéneaut, M. Orhan, "Les femmes entrepreneurs en France, Percée des femmes dans un monde construit au masculin", Paris: Editions Seli Arslan

• 2001,
  • E. H. Buttner, "Examining Female Entrepreneurs’ Management Style: An Application of a Relational Frame", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 29, n°3, pp253-269
  • H. Ufuk, O. Özgen, "Interaction Between the Business and Family Lives of Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 31, pp95–106

• 2002,
  • J. Coughlin, "The Rise of Women Entrepreneurs”, Quorum Westport CT
  • J. McGregor, D. Tweed, "Profiling a New Generation of Female Small Business Owners in New Zealand: Networking, Mentoring and Growth”, Gender, Work and Organization, Vol 9, n°4, pp420-438

• 2003,
  • Ursula Apitzsch, "Gaining autonomy in self-employment processes: The biographical embeddedness of women's and migrants' business", International Review of Sociology, 13(1), pp163-182
  • C. G. Brush, N. M. Carter, P. G. Greene, E. J. Gatewood, M. M. Hart, "Women Entrepreneurs who Break through to Equity Financing: The Influence of Human, Social and Financial Capital", Venture Capital, Vol 5, n°1, pp1-28
  • P. G. Greene, M. J. Greer, "Feminist theory and the study of entrepreneurship", In: J. E. Butler, dir., "New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs", Greenwich: Information Age Publishing, pp1–24

• 2005,
  • Kathleen Dechant, Asya Al Lamky, "Toward an understanding of Arab woen entrepreneurs in Bahrain and Oman", Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol 10, n°2, pp123-140
  • K. V. Nagarajan, Elaine G. Porter, "Successful Women Entrepreneurs as Pioneers: Results from a Study Conducted in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India", Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 18 (1), Winter, pp39-52

• 2006,
  • H. Ahl, "Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs new Directions", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol 30, n°5, pp595-621
  • C. C. Baughn, B.-L. Chua, K. E. Neupert, "The Normative Context for Women’s Participation in Entrepreneurship: A Multicountry Study", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), pp687–708
  • C. G. Brush, "Women Entrepreneurs: A Research Overview", In: Mark Casson, B. Yeung, A. Basu, N. Wadeson, dir., "The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship", Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp611-628
  • C. Carrier, P.-A. Julien, W. Menvielle, "Un regard critique sur l’entrepreneuriat féminin : une synthèse des études des 25 dernières années", Gestion, Vol 31, n°2, pp36-50
  • Andrea E. Smith-Hunter, "Women Entrepreneurs Across Racial Lines: Issues of Human Capital, Financial Capital and Network Structures", Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar

• 2007, N. M. Carter et al., dir., "Female Entrepreneurship. Implications for education, training and policy", Abingdon: Routledge

• 2008,
  • S. Boutillier, "Femmes entrepreneures : motivations et mobilisation des réseaux sociaux", Humanisme et Entreprise, n°290, pp21-38
  • S. Dzisi, "Entrepreneurial activities of indigenous African women: A case of Ghana", Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol 2, pp254–264

• 2009,
  • Iiris Aaltio, Paula Kyrö, Elisabeth Sundin, "Guest Editor's introduction. Special Issue: Women Entrepreneurship in 'The Border Zone'", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 17, n°4, December, pp383–391
  • Iiris Aaltio, Hanna Peltonen, "Portrtaits of Russian women entrepreneurs: identification and ways of leadership", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 17, n°4, December, pp443–471
  • Muhammad Azam Roomi, "Impact of social capital development and use in the growth process of women-owned firms, Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 17, n°4, December, pp473–495
  • C. G. Brush, A. De Bruin, F. Welter, "A Gender-aware Framework for Women’s Entrepreneurship", International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Vol 1, n°1, pp8-24
  • Paula Kyrö, "Gender lenses identify different waves and ways of understanding women entrepreneurship", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 17, n°4, December, pp393-418
  • Renaud Redien-Collot, "Female entrepreneurs' authority: is the creative aspect of authority a masculine fiction in managerial and entrepreneurial paradigms?", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 17, n°4, December, pp419–441

De 2010 à 2019

• 2010, Chima Mordi, Satwinder Singh, Chinonye Okafor, Ruth Simpson, "Challenges in female entrepreneurial development - A case analysis of nigerain entrepreneurs", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 18, n°4, December, pp435–460

• 2011,
  • M. C. D. García, F. Welter, "Gender identities and practices: interpreting women entrepreneurs’ narratives", International Small Business Journal, 31(4), pp384–404
  • R. V. Mathew, N. Panchanatham, "An Exploratory Study on the Work-Life Balance of Women Entrepreneurs in South India", Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol 16, pp77–105
  • Murat Sakir Erogul, "Social capital impediments in the United Arab Emirates: a case of Emirati female entrepreneurs", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 19, n°3, September, pp315–339

• 2012,
  • H. Ahl, S. Marlow, "Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end?", Organization Science, Vol 19, pp543–562
  • C. Brush, S. Carter, K. D. Hughes, J. E. Jennings, Friederike Welter, "Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(2), pp1–14
  • A. E. Davis, "Women’s Entrepreneurship", In: M. R. Marvel, dir., "Encyclopedia of New Venture Management", Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications
  • S. Rehman, M. A. Roomi, "Gender and Work-Life Balance: A Phenomenological Study of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan", Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol 19, pp209–228

• 2013,
  • A. Boz, A. Ergeneli, "A descriptive analysis of parents of women entrepreneurs in Turkey", Intellectual Economics, 7(1), pp63-73
  • A. P. Bowan, I. A. Mumuni, B. Insah, "Women in Entrepreneurship as a Means to Sustainable Livelihood in Ghana: A Study of the Upper West Region", African Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 3, pp160–171
  • C. G. Brush, J. E. Jennings, "Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature?", The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp663–715
  • Amanda Bullough, "Perceptions of women entrepreneurs in male-dominated leadership cultures: more positive support for women than many thought", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 21, n°3, September, pp359–374
  • S. Carter, D. R. Eikhof, J. Summers, "“Women doing their own thing”: media representations of female entrepreneurship", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 19(5), pp547–564
  • K. A. Eddleston, G. N. Powell, "Linking Family-to-Business Enrichment and Support to Entrepreneurial Success: Do Female and Male Entrepreneurs Experience Different Outcomes?", ournal of Business Venturing, Vol 28, n°2, pp261–280
  • C. Essers, K. Verduijn, "Questioning dominant entrepreneurship assumptions: The case of female ethnic minority entrepreneurs", Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(7–8), pp612–630
  • O. M. Karatepe, "The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation, Marketing Innovation and Competitive Marketing Advantage of Female Entrepreneurs in Egypt", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol 25, pp614–634
  • E. M. Msoka, "Do entrepreneurship skills have an influence on the performance of women owned enterprises in africa? Case of Micro and Small Enterprises in Dar es Salaam", Tanzania. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 3(3).

• 2014,
  • Pepukayi Chitakunye, Evelyn Derera, Charles O'Neill, Amandeep Tarkhar-Lail, "Gendered Lending Practices: Enabling South African Women Entrepreneurs to Access Start-Up Capital", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 22, n°3, September, pp313–330
  • Christina Constantinidis, "Femmes entrepreneures", In: Pierre-Marie Chauvin, Michel Grossetti, Pierre-Paul Zalio, dir., "Dictionnaire sociologique de l’entrepreneuriat", Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, pp287-300

• 2015,
  • S. Agarwal, U. Lenka, "Study on Work-Life Balance of Women Entrepreneurs – Review and Research Agenda", Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol 47, pp356–362
  • S. Carter, S. Mwaura, M. Ram, "Barriers to ethnic minority and women’s enterprise: existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions", International Small Business Journal, 33(1), pp49–69
  • S. Gherardi, "Authoring the Female Entrepreneur While Talking the Discourse of Work–Family Life Balance", International Small Business Journal, Vol 33, pp649–666
  • Typhaine Lebègue, "Candida Brush. L’entrepreneur-e au féminin", In: Karim Messeghem, Olivier Torrès, dir., "Les grands auteurs en entrepreneuriat", Ems Management Et Societes, pp227-248

• 2016,
  • Aude d’Andria, Inès Gabarret, "Femmes et entrepreneurs : trente ans de recherches en motivation entrepreneuriale féminine", Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat, n°3-4, Vol 15, pp87-107
    • Marian Holienka, Zuzana Jančovičová, Zuzana Kovačičová, "Women entrepreneurship in Visegrad Region and its drivers", Acta Universatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendenianae Brunensis, Vol 64, n°6, pp1899-1910

• 2017,
  • Fanny Adams Quagrainie, Murat Sakir Erogul, "Motivation, Networking and Business Growth: Perspectives of Ghanaian Female Entrepreneurs", Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol 25, n°3, September, pp297–316
  • Abdul Ali, Candida Brush, Donna Kelley, Patricia Greene, "The influence of human capital factors and context on women's entrepreneurship: Which matters more?", Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Vol 8, November, pp105-113
  • G. Anggadwita, V. Ramadani, V. Ratten, "Sociocultural environments and emerging economy entrepreneurship: women entrepreneurs in Indonesia", Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(1), pp85–89
  • H. Batool, K. Ullah, "Successful Antecedents of Women Entrepreneurs: A Case of Underdeveloped Nation", Entrepreneurship Research Journal, Vol 7, pp73–119
  • Katia Richomme-Huet, Virginie Vial, "Le mouvement des mampreneurs en France : phénomène féministe libéral ou radical ?", Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat, n°2, Vol 16, pp123-149

• 2018,
  • K. Adom, I. T. Asare-Yeboa, D. M. Quaye, A. O. Ampomah, "A Critical Assessment of Work and Family Life of Female Entrepreneurs in Sub-saharan Africa: Some Fresh Evidence from Ghana", Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol 25, pp405–427
  • P. Khandelwal, A. Sehgal, "Exploring Work–Family Interface for Indian Women Entrepreneurs", Gender in Management, Vol 33, pp203–216

• 2019,
  • M. E. Abboubi, C. Constantinidis, T. Lebègue, N. Salman, "How Families Shape Women’s Entrepreneurial Success in Morocco: An Intersectional Study", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol 25, pp1786–1808
  • J. Byrne, S. Fattoum, M. C. Diaz Garcia, "Role models and women entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial superwoman has her say", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 57, pp154–184
  • L. De Vita, S. Poggesi, M. Mari, “Women Entrepreneurs and Work–Family Conflict: An Analysis of the Antecedents", International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol 15, pp431–454
  • S. S. Maram, K. Thomas, "Psycho-attitudinal Features: A Study of Female Entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia", International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship", Vol 11, pp459–480
  • J. K. Sharma Leihaothabam, C. Ungwansupaphan, "Entrepreneurial Orientation, Performance and the Moderating Role of Institutional Capital: A Case Study of Female Entrepreneurs in Thailand", Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol 24, pp1–20

De 2020 à 2023

• 2020, E. Kaciak, D. H. B. Welsh, "Women Entrepreneurs and Work–Life Interface: The Impact of Sustainable Economies on Success", Journal of Business Research, Vol 112, pp281–290

• 2022,
  • Steven A. Brieger, Dirk De Clercq, "When Discrimination is Worse, Autonomy is Key: How Women Entrepreneurs Leverage Job Autonomy Resources to Find Work–Life Balance", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 177, pp665–682
  • Dirk De Clercq, Eugene Kaciak, Narongsak Thongpapanl, "Tacking into the Wind: How Women Entrepreneurs can Sail Through Family-to-Work Conflict to Ensure their Firms’ Entrepreneurial Orientation", Entrepreneurship Research Journal, Vol 12, n°3, pp263-298

Accédez d'un seul coup d’œil au portail économie.

Cet article est une ébauche. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?)