Vous pouvez contribuer simplement à Wikibéral. Pour cela, demandez un compte à adminwiki@liberaux.org. N'hésitez pas !


Connaissance tacite

De Wikiberal
Aller à la navigation Aller à la recherche

La connaissance tacite est un concept développé par Michael Polanyi en 1958 dans Personal Knowledge : Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. Il y montre que le développement de toute forme de savoir, y compris dans le domaine scientifique, est indissociable d'expériences subjectives et de « connaissances personnelles ». Cette connaissance demeure, pour une large part, implicite[1] , inarticulée et non verbale. En, 1966, dans son livre, "The Tacit Dimension", Michael Polanyi renforce son concept en formulant que les gens en savent plus qu'ils ne peuvent le dire. En ce sens, il exprime l'idée qu'il n'est pas possible de formuler tout son savoir, qu'il existe une partie non exprimable de notre savoir.

Prise en compte de la connaissance tacite en science du management

En science du management, dès 1938, Chester Barnard avait rapidement esquissé ce « savoir-faire » ou cette « connaissance comportementale » qui est « nécessaire pour réaliser des choses dans des situations concrètes » mais qui « n'est pas susceptible de formulation verbale »[2]. En effet, le discours ne parvient pas toujours à révéler une expérience vécue dans son intégralité, comme le présente Friedrich Hayek, en 1937 la connaissance est localisée. Et, il le confirme ensuite en 1945.

« [..] pratiquement chaque individu a des avantages par rapport à tous les autres parce qu'il possède de l'information unique qui peut être mise à profit; mais cette information ne sera mise à profit que si la décision en est laissée à l'individu ou si elle est prise en collaboration avec lui » [3]

La thèse de l'émergence des connaissances implicites, décrite par Michael Polanyi, a été reprise par les tenants de la perspective évolutionniste du changement (Richard R. Nelson et Sidney G. Winter, 1982). Au milieu des années 1990, plusieurs travaux ont présenté les connaissances tacites par opposition aux connaissances explicites dans le mode de management des entreprises (Théorie du management par la connaissance d'Ikujiro Nonaka en 1994 et 1995; J. C. Spender en 1996).

Différences entre connaissance tacite et connaissance explicite

Plusieurs attributs différencient la connaissance tacite de la connaissance explicite :

  • La connaissance tacite est intégrée aux individus[4] et elle est fortement imbriquée aux organisations. L'essentiel du savoir réside dans la tête des gens sous la forme de savoir pratique, de règles générales et d'intuition fondée sur l'expérience personnelle.
  • Ce type de connaissance tacite est moins structuré et peut être difficile à transmettre, mais cette connaissance est indispensable pour porter des jugements et pour agir. Pourtant, les travailleurs expérimentés peuvent ne pas être conscients de leur savoir tacite ou ne pas être capables de l'exprimer d'une manière écrite.
  • La connaissance tacite n'est pas formalisable facilement. Elle est difficilement transférable à l'intérieur de l'entreprise ou entre les entreprises. Cependant, il se peut que les gens au même niveau culturel ou ayant les mêmes origines peuvent facilement transférer des connaissances tacites aux autres, souvent au travers des histoires ou des démonstrations. Les travailleurs expérimentés peuvent transférer des connaissances tacites aux novices grâce à des contacts directs et par le dialogue, par exemple, par un encadrement ou par un tutorat.
  • La connaissance tacite est souvent le fruit de l'expérience personnelle, mais elle peut être également tirée de l'expérience des autres (apprentissage vicariant).
  • Par différence, la connaissance explicite est stockable dans des livres, des registres de comptabilités, des dépôts de brevets et des programmes de logiciels. Elle est plus facilement divisible et transférable que la connaissance tacite.

Cette approche fut développée en sociologie du travail également (K. C. Kusterer en 1978; B. Jones en 1982) suite à l'hypothèse de H. Braverman (1974). Selon celui-ci, la mécanisation des procédés entraîne une déqualification importante des ouvriers. Les études montrent au contraire, que même dans les entreprises soumises à une organisation de type taylorienne, où les tâches sont répétitives et formalisées, les routines de travail permettent aux opérateurs de développer des savoir-faire tacites indispensables aux opérations normales de production. Les connaissances sont bien assimilées par les individus et intégrées dans des comportements routiniers même s'ils n'en sont pas totalement conscients. Cependant, il est certain que l’organisation taylorienne classique bloque la transmission des savoirs explicites, de l’individu aux autres individus puisqu’elle n'a pas vocation à favoriser l’expression individuelle. Le passage du savoir tacite en savoir explicite s'en trouve réduit car le salarié n’y trouve pas une motivation certaine. Au contraire, il préfère garder sa zone d’autonomie.

Annexes

Notes et références

  1. Chez Ikujiro Nonaka et Hirotaka Takeuchi, 1995, les connaissances tacites sont assimilées à des connaissances implicites (les compétences, l'expérience, le savoir comment). Elles sont intégrées dans les comportements, les routines et les pratiques. De nombreux éléments de la connaissance durant le processus du travail sont acquis par l'expérience et ils restent généralement tacites. Dans l'organisation, les nouvelles méthodes de travail recherchent, dans une certaine mesure maintenant, de rendre explicites ces connaissances implicites. Chez d'autres auteurs, il existe une différence subtile.
    • 1992,
      • N. C. Boreham, "Harnessing implicit knowing to improve medical practice", In: H. K. Morris Baskett, Victoria J. Marsick, dir., "Professionals’ ways of knowing: new findings on how to improve professional education", San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp71-78
      • R. S. W. Masters, "Knowledge, knerves and know-how. The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure", British Journal of Psychology, Vol 83, pp343-358
  2. Chester Barnard, 1938, The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p291
  3. Friedrich Hayek, 1945, « The Use of Knowledge in Society », American Economic Review, vol. 35, p525
  4. Quelquefois, la connaissance tacite s'apparente au « paradoxe de l'internalisation » : « Plus vous savez une chose, moins vous êtes conscient de la savoir ».


Bibliographie

  • 1967, A. S. Reber, Implicit learning of artificial grammars, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 5, pp855-863
  • 1968,
    • J. Fodor, 'The Appeal to Tacit Knowledge in Psychological Explanation', Journal of Philosophy, Vol 65, pp627-640
    • Marjorie Grene, Tacit Knowing and the Pre-reflective Cogito, In: Intellect and Hope, pp19-57
  • 1971, W. T. Scott, Tacit Knowing and the Concept of Mind, Philosophical Quarterly, 21, pp22-35
  • 1974,
    • H. Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capitalism, Monthly Review Press, New York
    • H. M. Collins, The TEA set: tacit knowledge and scientific networks. Science Studies, Vol 4, pp165-186
  • 1977, Marjorie Grene, "Tacit Knowing: Grounds for a Revolution in Philosophy", Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, Vol 8, n°3, pp164-171
  • 1978, K. C. Kusterer, Know-How on the Job : The Important Working Knowledge of « Unskilled » Workers, Westview Press, Boulder
  • 1981, Z. W. Pylyshin, "The Imagery Debate : Analogue Media Versus tacit Knowledge", Psychological Review, 88 (1), pp16-45
  • 1982, B. Jones, Destruction or Redistribution of Engineering Skills? The Case of Numerical Control, In: S. Wood, ed., The Degradation of Work?, Hutchinson, London, 179-200
  • 1986,
    • D. E. Broadbent, P. Fitzgerald, M. H. Broadbent, M.H., « Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in the Control of Complex Systems », British Journal of Psychology, vol. 77, 33-50
    • Robert J. Sternberg et Richard K. Wagner, "Tacit Knowledge and Intelligence in the Everyday World", In: Robert J. Sternberg et Richard K. Wagner,, dir., Practical Intelligence, Nature and Origins of Competence in the Everyday World, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp51-83
  • 1987,
    • P. Lewicki, H. Hoffman, M. Czyzewska, Unconscious Acquisition of Complex Procedural Knowledge, Journal of Experimental Psychology, (13)4, pp523-530
    • Robert J. Sternberg et Richard K. Wagner, Tacit knowledge in managerial success, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol 1, n°4, juin, pp301-312
    • Richard K. Wagner, "Tacit Knowledge in every day Intelligent behavior", Journal of Personality, and Social Psychology, Vol 52, pp1236-1247
  • 1988, A. Janik, Tacit knowledge, working life and scientific method, In: B. Göranzon et I. Josefson, dir., Knowledge, skill and artificial intelligence, London & Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp53-63
  • 1989,
    • Martin Davies, Connectionism, Modularity, and Tacit Knowledge, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 40, n°4, pp541-555
    • Arthur S. Reber, Implicit learning and tacit knowledge, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol 118, pp219-235
  • 1990,
    • K. Davids et C. Myers, The role of tacit knowledge in human skill performance, Journal of Human Movement Studies, Vol 19, pp273-288
    • Kjell S. Jonhannessen, "Rule Following, Intransitive Understanding and Tacit Knowledge—An Investigation of the Wittgensteinian Concept of Practice as Regards Tacit Knowledge", In: Essays in Pragmatic Philosophy,II, Norwegian University Press
  • 1991, Harald Grimen, Tacit Knowledge and the Study of Organization, LOS-Center, Bergen
  • 1992,
    • Robert E. Innis, "Tacit Knowing, Gestalt Theory, and the Model of Perceptual Consciousness", Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, vol 27, pp23-43
    • L. Meerabeau, “Tacit nursing knowledge: An untapped resource or a methodological headache?”, Journal of advanced nursing, 17(1), January, pp108–112
    • B. Molander, "Tacit knowledge and silenced knowledge: fundamental problems and controversies", In: B. Göranzon, M. Florin, dir., "Skill and education: reflection and experience", London et al.: Springer, pp9-31
    • Arthur S. Reber, Personal Knowledge and the Cognitive Unconscious, Polyanyiana, Vol 2, n°2, pp97-115
  • 1993,
    • A. Reber, Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: An essay on the cognitive unconscious, Oxford Psychology Series No. 19, New York Oxford, Oxford University Press Clarendon Press
    • J. Senker, ‘The Contribution of Tacit Knowledge to Innovation’, AI & Society, Vol 7, pp208–224
  • 1994, Ikujiro Nonaka, A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge, Organization Science, 5(1), pp14-37
  • 1995,
    • A. Arora, “Licensing tacit knowledge: Intellectual property rights and the market for know – how”, Economics of innovation and new technology, Vol 4, n°1, pp41–59
    • Ikujiro Nonaka et H. Takeuchi, The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Compagnies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, New York
    • J. Senker, Tacit Knowledge and Models of Innovation, Industrial and Corporate Change, 4(2): 425–447
    • J. Senker, "Networks and Tacit Knowledge in Innovation", Économie et Sociétés, 2, pp99-118
    • R. Sternberg, “Theory and management of tacit knowledge as a part of practical intelligence”, Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 203(4), pp319-334
  • 1996,
    • A. Arora, “Contracting for tacit knowledge: he provision of technical services in technology licensing contracts”, Journal of Development Economics, 50(2), August, pp233–256
    • J. Howells, "Tacit Knowledge, Innovation and Technology Transfer", Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(2), pp91-106
    • N. Pleasants, Nothing is concealed: de-centring tacit knowledge and rules from social theory, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 26(3), pp233-255
    • H. Saint-Onge, "Tacit Knowledge: The Key to the Strategic Alignment of Intellectual Capital", Strategy and Leadership, March-April, pp10-14
    • J.-C. Spender, Competitive advantage from tacit knowledge? Unpacking the Concept and its Strategic Implications, In: B. Moingeon et A. Edmondson, dir., Organizational learning and competitive advantage, London: Sage, pp56-73
  • 1997,
    • D. C. Berry, dir., How Implicit is Implicit Learning? Oxford; Oxford University Press
    • Erich N. Brockmann et Paul G. Simmonds, Strategic decision making: the influence of CEO experience and use of tacit knowledge. (Chief Executive Officers), Journal of Managerial Issues, winter, 22 décembre
    • A. Cleeremans, Principles for implicit learning, In: D. C. Berry, dir., How implicit is implicit learning?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp195-234
    • P. A. Mangolte, La dynamique des connaissances tacites et articulées : une approche socio-cognitive, Economie Appliquée, Tome L, n°2, pp105-134
    • Laurie McAulay, Graeme Russell et Julie Sims, Tacit knowledge for competitive advantage, Management Accounting (British), décembre
  • 1998,
    • W. P. Anthony et E. N. Brockmann, « The Influence of Tacit Knowledge and Collective Mind on Strategic Planning », Journal of Managerial Issues, (10)2, pp204-222
    • A. Cleeremans, A. Destrebecqz et M. Boyer, Implicit learning : News from the front. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, pp406-416
    • C. J. Grayson et C. O’Dell, "If only we knew what we know: identification and transfer of internal best practices", California Management Review, 40(3), pp154-174
    • D. Leonard, S. Sensiper, The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation, California Management Review, (40)3, pp112-132
    • P. Perruchet & A. Vinter, Learning and development: The implicit knowledge assumption reconsidered, IN: M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (Vol. 15, pp495-531): Sage Publications
    • M. Rüdiger et S. Vanini, "Das Tacit knowledge Phänomen und seine Implikationen für das Innovationsmanagement", DBW, 58(4), pp467-480
    • P. P. Saviotti, On the dynamic of appropriability, of tacit and of codified knowledge, Research Policy, vol. 26, Issue 7-8
  • 1999,
    • P. Anthony, L. Giunipero, D. Dawley, The Impact of Tacit Knowledge on Purchasing Decisions, Journal of Supply Chain Management, (35)1, 42-49
    • Chris Argyris, "Tacit Knowledge and Management", In: R. J. Sternberg et J. A. Horvath, dir., Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives. London: Erlbaum, pp123-140
    • N. Athanassiou et D. Nigh, The Impact of Company Internationalization on Top Management Team Advice Networks: A Tacit Knowledge Perspective, Strategic Management Journal, 19(1), 83-92
    • Mie Augier et M. T. Vendele, Networks, cognition and management of tacit knowledge, Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(4), pp252-261
    • Phillipe Baumard, Tacit knowledge in Organizations, London: Sage Publications
    • Ronit Bogler et Anit Somech, Tacit Knowledge in Academia: Its Effects on Student Learning and Achievement, The Journal of Psychology, 1er novembre
    • Z. Dienes & J. Perner, A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 735-808
    • Nicholas Hatsopoulos & George Hatsopoulos, The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Management. In: Sternberg, Robert & Horvath, Joseph (Eds.) Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives. London: Erlbaum
    • Clive Lawson, Collective Learning, Tacit Knowledge and Regional Innovative Capacity, Regional Studies, Vol.33, n°4, pp305-317
      • Repris en 2007, In: W. H. Starbuck, dir., Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management: a reader, Edward Elgar
    • C A Rashotte, Robert J. Sternberg, H. Sujan et M. Sujan et R. K. Wagner, Tacit knowledge in sales, In: Robert Sternberg et J. Horvath, dir., Tacit Knowledge in the Professions, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, pp155-182
    • Peter Skeris, Tapping tacit knowledge an art form, InTech, 1er décembre
    • Robert Sternberg & Joseph Horvath, dir., Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives. London: Erlbaum
    • Robert Sternberg, “Epilogue – What do we know about tacit knowledge?: Making the tacit become explicit”, In: Robert Sternberg et J. Horvath, dir., Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives, Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates Mahwah New Jersey U.S.A., pp231–236
  • 2000,
    • Bernard Ancori, Antoine Bureth et Patrick Cohendet, The Economics of Knowledge : The Debate about Codification and Tacit Knowledge, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol.9, n°2, Oxford University Press, p.255–287f
    • N. Athanassiou et D. Nigh, Internationalization, Tacit Knowledge and the Top Management Teams of MNCs, Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3), pp471-48,
    • P. Busch et C. Dampney, "Tacit knowledge acquisition and processing within the computing domain: An exploratory study", 2000 Information Resources Management Association International Conference Anchorage, AK, U.S.A, pp1014–1015
    • P. Busch et D. Richards, “Measuring, formalising and modelling Tacit Knowledge”, International Congress on Intelligent Systems and Applications (ISA2000), December 12 – 15
    • R. Cowan, D. A. Paul et D. Foray, ‘The explicit economics of knowledge codification and tacitness’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 9, pp211–253
    • Jonathan Down, commentaire du livre de Robert J. Sternberg et de Joseph A. Horvath, dir., Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1er mars
    • M. Eraut, Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, pp113-136
    • T. Haldin-Herrgard, “Difficulties in diffusion of tacit knowledge in organisations”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(4), pp357-365
    • Lynn K Harland, Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives, Personnel Psychology, 1er avril
    • Kazuo Ichijo, Georg Von Krogh et Ikujiro Nonaka, Enabling Knowledge Creation: How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power, Oxford University Press
    • Alice Lam, Tacit knowledge, organization learning and societal institutions: an integrated framework, Organization Studies, Vol. 21 No.3, pp.487-513
    • Ronald Mascitelli, From Experience: Harnessing Tacit Knowledge to Achieve Breakthrough Innovation, Journal of Product Innovation Management 17 (3), 179–193
    • Fuat Oguz, The Role of Practical Knowledge in Market Processes: An Assessment of the Austrian Contribution, Journal of Economic and Social Research 2 (2), 59-74
  • 2001,
    • Véronique Ambrosini et C. Bowman, Tacit knowledge: Some suggestions for operationalization, Journal of Management Studies, 38, pp811-829
    • Mie Augier, S. Z. Shariq et M. T. Vendelo, “Understanding context: Its Emergence, Transformation and Role in Tacit Knowledge Sharing”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 5:2, pp125-136
    • A. Büssing, T. Ewert et B. Herbig, The role of tacit knowledge in the work context of nursing, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(5), pp687-695
    • H. M. Collins, Tacit Knowledge, Trust and the Q of Sapphire, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb.), pp71-85
    • H. M. Collins, What is tacit knowledge? In: T. R. Schatzki, K. Knorr Cetina et E. von Savigny, dir., The practice turn in contemporary theory, London and New York: Routledge, pp107-119
    • Pierre Desrochers, Geographical Proximity an the Transmission of Tacit Knowledge, The Review of Austrian Economics, vol 14, n°1, pp25-46
    • R. Herschel, H. Nemati et D. Steiger, Managing the Tacit to Explicit Knowledge Conversion Problem: Knowledge Exchange Protocols Managing the Tacit Knowledge Problem, Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(1), pp107-116
    • J. Johannessen, J. Olaisen et B. Olsen, “Mismanagement of tacit knowledge: The importance of tacit knowledge, the danger of information technology and what to do about it”, International Journal of Information Management, Vol 21, pp3-20
    • C. Linde, Narrative and social tacit knowledge, Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(2), pp160-171
    • R. Lubit, Tacit knowledge and knowledge management: the keys to sustainable competitive advantage, Organization Dynamics, Vol 29, N°4, pp164-78
    • Bianca Poti, "Appropriation, tacit knowledge and hybrid social regimes in biotechnology in Europe", Int. J. of Technology Management", Vol 22, n°7/8 pp741-761
    • Tim E. Ray et S. E. Little, "Communication and context: collective tacit knowledge and practice in Japan's workplace ba", Creativity and Innovation Management, vol 10, n°3, pp154-164
    • E.A. Smith, The role of tacit and explicit knowledge in the workplace, Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(4), pp311–321
  • 2002,
    • Suliman Al-Hawamdeh, Knowledge management: re-thinking information management and facing the challenge of managing tacit knowledge, Information Research, Vol 8, n°1, October
    • J. Antonakis, J. Hedlund, J. E. Pret, R. Sternberg, "Exploring the nature and acquisition of tacit knowledge for military leadership", (Res. Note. n°2002-04). Alexandria. VA: Us. Army Research institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
    • A. Bordum, "From Tacit Knowing to Tacit Knowledge : Emancipation or Ideology?", Critical Quarterly 44, no. 3 (octobre): 50-54
    • Dale Cannon, "Construing Polanyi's Tacit Knowing as Knowing by Acquaintance Rather Than Knowing by Representation", Tradition and Discovery, 29 (2), pp26-43
    • Jose Castillo, A Note on the Concept of Tacit Knowledge, Journal of Management Inquiry, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp46-57
    • Jeremy R.L. Howells, Tacit Knowledge, Innovation and Economic Geography, Urban Studies, Vol 39, n°5–6, pp871–884
    • B. Johnson, E. Lorenz et B.-A. Lundvall, ‘Why all this fuss about codified and tacit knowledge?’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, pp245–262
    • T. Knudsen, The Significance of Tacit Knowledge in the Evolution of Human Language, Selection, Vol. 3, n°1, pp93-112
    • K. Koskinen et H. Vanharanta, “The role of tacit knowledge in innovation processes of small technology companies”, International Journal of Production Economics, 80(1), November, pp57-64
    • K. Kreiner, Tacit knowledge management: the role of artifacts, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 6 No.2, pp.112-23
    • Rajiv Prabhakar, Markets, Tacit Knowledge and Education, Economic Affairs, Vol 22, pp41-46
  • 2003,
    • S. T. Cavusgil, R. J. Calantone et Y. Zhao, "Tacit knowledge transfer and firm innovation capability", Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 18 (1), pp6-21
    • Nicolai J. Foss, ‘Bounded rationality and tacit knowledge in the organizational capabilities approach: An evaluation and a stocktaking’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 12, pp185–201
    • G. B. Forsythe, Jennifer Hedlund, J. A. Horvath, S. Snook, R. J. Sternberg, W. M. Williams, "Identifying and assessing tacit knowledge: Understanding the practical intelligence of military leaders", The Leadership Quarterly, 14, pp117−140
    • F. Gao et M. Gao, Why Nonaka highlights tacit knowledge: a critical review, Journal of Knowledge Management, 7 (4), pp6-14
    • Meric S. Gertler, Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or The undefinable tacitness of being (there), Journal of Economic Geography, 3, pp75-99
    • C. P. Goodman, The Tacit Dimension, Polanyiana, n°1—2, pp133-157
    • Stephen Gourlay, Knowing as semiosis: steps towards a reconceptualization of "tacit knowledge", In: Haridimos Tsoukas et Nicos Mylonopoulos, dir., Organizations as Knowledge Systems: Knowledge, Learning and Dynamic Capabilities. Basingstoke, UK : Palgrave Macmillan. pp86-105
    • X. Martin et R. Salomon, ‘Tacitness, learning, and international expansion: a study of foreign direct investment in a knowledge-intensive industry’, Organization Science 14(3), pp297–311
    • P. Nightingale, ‘If Nelson and Winter are only half right about tacit knowledge, which half? A Searlean critique of ‘codification’’; Industrial and Corporate Change, 12, pp149–183
    • Haridimos Tsoukas, Do we really understand tacit knowledge?, In: Mark Easterby-Smith et Marjorie A. Lyles, dir., The Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, MA: Blackwell
    • C. Zellner, “The Economic Effects of Basic Research: Evidence for Embodied Knowledge Transfer via Scientists’ Migration”, Research Policy, Vol 32, n°10, pp1881-1895
  • 2004,
    • Y. Bao et S. Zhao, "MICRO Contracting for Tacit Knowledge - A Study of Contractual Arrangements in International Technology Transfer", Problems and Perspectives of Management, 2, pp279-303
    • Robert E. Innis, "The Tacit Logic of Ritual Embodiments", Social Analysis, Vol 48, n°2, pp197-212
      • Repris en 2005, In: Don Handelman et Galina Lindquist, dir., Ritual in Its Own Right, New York: Berghahn Books
    • Charles Dhanaraj, Marjorie A Lyles, H Kevin Steensma, Laszlo Tihanyi, "Managing tacit and explicit knowledge transfer in IJVs: the role of relational embeddedness and the impact on performance", Journal of International Business Studies, Vol 35, pp428–442
    • Georg Hans Neuweg, "Tacit knowing and implicit learning", In: Martin Fischer, Nicholas Boreham, Barry Nyhan, dir.,"European Perspectives on Learning at Work: The Acquisition of Work Process Knowledge", Chapître 6, Cedefop Reference Series Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications for the European Communities, pp130-147
    • Piotr Ploszajski, Alfonso Sauquet et Michael Segalla, L'utilisation du savoir tacite dans un contexte culturel, Les Echos, Jeudi 18 novembre
    • M. Stover, "Making Tacit Knowledge explicit", Reference Services Review, 32 (2), pp164-173
    • Yu Zhenhua, "Tacit Knowledge/Knowing and the Problem of Articulation", Tradition and Discovery, Vol 30, n°2, pp11-23
  • 2005,
    • S. Brusoni, O. Marsili et A. Salter, “The role of codified sources of knowledge in innovation: Empirical evidence from Dutch manufacturing”, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol. 15, pp211–231
    • Jyoti Choudrie et Mohamad Hisyam Selamat, Managing organisational learning through continuous information systems development: tacit knowledge diffusion and meta-abilities perspectives, Int. J. of Knowledge and Learning, Vol 1, n°4, pp342-356
    • S. Clegg et T. E. Ray, "Tacit knowing, communication and power: lessons from Japan?", In: S. Little et Tim Ray, dir., Managing Knowledge: an essential reader, 2nd edition, London, Sage Publications Ltd, pp319-347
    • C. Connell, S. M. Jasimuddin et J. H. Klein, The paradox of using tacit and explicit knowledge strategies to face dilemmas, Management Decision, 43(1), pp102-112
    • P. Duguid, The art of knowing: social and tacit dimensions of knowledge and the limits of the community of practice, Information Society, 21(2): 109-118
    • Stephen Gourlay, Tacit knowledge: unpacking the motor skills metaphor, In: 6th European Conference on Organizational Knowledge and Learning Capabilities; 17-19 March 2005, Boston, USA
    • Laura Hyttinen et Niina Rintala, The role of tacit knowledge and the challenges in transferring it: a case study at the Finnish NPPs, Int. J. of Nuclear Knowledge Management, Vol 1, n°4, pp328-335
    • Gary S Insch et Nancy Leonard, Tacit knowledge in academia: a proposed model and measurement scale, The Journal of Psychology, 1er novembre
    • Akiyama Misako et Egashira Susumu, Ernst Mach and the Origin of the Knowledge Theory in the Former Austrian Empire, OUC Economic Research Papers, N°0602, Department of Economics, Otaru University of Commerce, [lire en ligne]
    • Masaru Osaki, “Reflection of tacit knowledge”, Communication Science, vol 21, pp13-24
    • Masaru Osaki, Reconsidering “context”, Communication Science, vol 23, pp75-89
  • 2006,
    • Y. Bao et Eden Yin, "The acquisition of tacit knowledge in China: an empirical analysis of the 'supplier-side individual level' and 'recipient-side' factors", Management International Review, 46(3), pp1-22
    • Peter Busch, "Organisation Design And Tacit Knowledge Transferal: An Examination Of Three IT Firms", Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, Vol 7, n°2, June
    • R.J. Calantone, K. D. Miller, M. Zhao, "Adding interpersonal learning and tacit knowledge to March’s exploration-exploitation model", Academy of Management Journal, Vol 49, n°4, pp709–722
    • Mathias Casaer, Ann Heylighen, Herman Neuckermans, "UnaWare: supporting tacit design knowledge exchange", Int. J. of Web Based Communities, Vol 2, n°1, pp31-44
    • Jamie D. Collins et Michael A. Hitt, Leveraging tacit knowledge in alliances: The importance of using relational capabilities to build and leverage relational capital, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol 23, n°3, September, pp147-167
    • L. Falconer, "Organizational learning, tacit information, and e-learning: a review", The Learning Organization, 13(2), pp140-151
    • J. R. Faulconbridge, Stretching tacit knowledge beyond a local fix? Global spaces of learning in advertising professional service firms, J. Econ. Geogr., août 1, 6(4): pp517-540
    • Brigitte Faust et Christiane Fricke, Knowledge transfer – acquiring implicit knowledge, Int. J. of Nuclear Knowledge Management, Vol 2, n°1, pp46-56
    • Stephen Gourlay, Towards conceptual clarity for 'tacit knowledge': a review of empirical studies, Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 4(1), pp60-69
    • Laura Hyttinen et Niina Rintala, Methods for sharing tacit nuclear knowledge and expertise, Int. J. of Nuclear Knowledge Management, Vol 2, n°1, pp38-45
    • Tanja Kuronen et Niina Rintala, How to share tacit nuclear knowledge?, Int. J. of Nuclear Knowledge Management, Vol 2, n°2, pp121-133
    • Robert J. Sternberg et Richard K. Wagner, Tacit Knowledge: An Unspoken Key to Managerial Success, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol 1, n°1, pp5-13
    • Jialin Yi, "Externalization of Tacit Knowledge in Online Environments", International Journal on ELearning, 1er janvier
  • 2007,
    • I. Alam, S. K. Chowdhury, M. L. Endres, S. P. Endres, "Tacit knowledge sharing, self-efficacy theory, and application to the Open Source community, Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(3), pp92-103
    • Margherita Balconi, Andrea Pozzali et Riccardo Viale, The "codification debate" revisited: a conceptual framework to analyze the role of tacit knowledge in economics, Industrial Corporate Change, August, 16(5): 823-849
    • Elisa Giuliani, The wine industry: persistence of tacit knowledge or increased codification? Some implications for catching-up countries, Int. J. of Technology and Globalisation, Vol 3, n°2/3, pp138-154
    • Michael L. Irick, "Managing Tacit Knowledge In Organizations", Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, Vol 8, n°3, September
    • C. Kikoski et D. Kikoski, "The Inquiring Organization––Tacit Knowledge, Conversation, and Knowledge Creation: Skills for 21st-Century Organizations", Greenwood Publishing Group, Portsmouth
    • Ping Lan, Tapping tacit knowledge on a digital platform, Int. J. of Learning and Intellectual Capital, Vol 4, n°3, pp315-330
    • Jonathan Perraton et Iona Tarrant, What does tacit knowledge actually explain?, Journal of Economic Methodology, Vol 14, n°3, September, pp353-370
  • 2008,
    • V. Ambrosini et C. Bowman, Surfacing tacit sources of success, Int. Small Bus. J., Vol 26, pp403-431
    • Zane Berge et Brenda C. Ledford, A Framework For Tacit Knowledge Transfer In A Virtual Team Environment, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, Vol 9, n°2, Juin
    • P. Busch, "Tacit Knowledge in Organizational Learning", IGI Publishing, Hershey
    • Laura Campoy, Amit Mitra, "Tacit knowledge, organisational memory: expectations and experiences in developing a knowledge warehouse", International Journal of Business Information Systems, Vol 3, n°6, pp686-697
    • David Dawley, Gary S. Insch et Nancy McIntyre, Tacit knowledge: a refinement and empirical test of the Academic Tacit Knowledge Scale, The Journal of Psychology, 1er novembre
    • Keith Goffin et Ursula Koners, Capturing tacit knowledge in New Product Development: a study of Post-Project Reviews, Int. J. of Technology Intelligence and Planning, Vol 4, n°3, pp234-256
    • Salah Eldin Adam Hamza, "Competitive Advantage Via A Culture Of Knowledge Management: Transferring Tacit Knowledge Into Explicit", Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, Vol 9, n°2, June
    • E. Hartmann et D. A. R. Seidler, "The use of tacit knowledge within innovative companies: Knowledge management in innovative enterprises", J. Knowl. Manage., 12, pp133-147
    • Naresh Kumar Agarwal, Danny C.C. Poo, "Capturing tacit knowledge across different domains: Knowledge Community (K-Comm), Int. J. of Business Information Systems, Vol 3, n°6, pp668-685
    • Tim E. Ray, "Tacit knowledge", In: S. R. Clegg et J. R. Bailey, dir., International Encyclopedia of Organization Studies, Thousand Oaks, Sage, pp1503-1507
    • Vlad Vaiman, Retention management as a means of protecting tacit knowledge in an organisation: a conceptual framework for professional services firms, Int. J. of Learning and Intellectual Capital, Vol 5, n°2, pp172-185
    • Edward Sek Wong, Explication of tacit knowledge in higher education institutional research through the criteria of professional practice action research approach: a focus group case study at an Australian University.(Case study), International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 1er janvier
  • 2017, Rana E. Jisr, Bassem E. Maamari, "Effectuation: Exploring a Third Dimension to Tacit Knowledge", Knowledge and Process Management, Vol 24, n°1, pp72-78
  • 2018, Kenneth B. McIntyre, "The Critique of Rationalism: Ryle and Oakeshott on Tacit Knowledge", In: Gene Callahan, Lee Trepanier, dir., "Tradition v. Rationalism: Voegelin, Oakeshott, Hayek, and Others", Lexington Books

Articles connexes

Liens externes



Adam Smith.jpg Accédez d'un seul coup d’œil au portail économie.